The Impact Of Exceptionalism On The United States - 944 Words

Exceptionalism is neither new, as explained above, nor exclusive to the United States. Several historical actors, such as Great Britain, France and the former Soviet Union claimed exceptionalist ideas (Ignatieff, 2005; Holsti, 2010). The current U.S. President Obama also stresses a similar point by stating that â€Å"I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism† (Obama, cited in Ceaser, 2012, p.4). However, exceptionalism purposed by the U.S. is different from those of other countries. Firstly, although each countries believe in their own uniqueness (Hoffmann, 2005), no country but the U.S. claims and attempts to discharge its missionary duty in international affairs. Regarding this point, Ignatieff (2005, p.13) states that the U.S.’s â€Å"desire for moral leadership is something more than the ordinary narcissism and nationalism that all powerful states displayâ € . Secondly, the U.S. has embraced the exceptionalist ideas from the very outset of its history, while other great powers in history only started to adopt it in order â€Å"to justify their acquisition and maintenance of empires† (Davis and Lynn-Jones,1987, p.22). This fact implies that American exceptionalism is not mere political ideology, but national identity, which has strongly inherited among American public. In the U.S., where diversified people live together, it is not common language, religion or culture, but sharedShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at American Exceptionalism1271 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction American Exceptionalism refers to the image portrayed by the United States of America as a unique and distinct nation with strong pillars of democracy and liberty. The image stands out globally and defines the U.S. as a nation founded on a viable constitution since its inception in 1776. The other inferences linked to its uniqueness include strong political institutions and American Revolution. These events happened relatively at the same period in the rich American history. ThereafterRead MoreAmerican Religion And The American Of American Culture And Spirit By Harold Koh And Ted Bromund1658 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Exceptionalism American Exceptionalism is defined in literature as Americans’ deprecation of power politics and old-fashioned diplomacy, mistrust of powerful standing armies and entangling peacetime commitments, their supposedly moralistic judgements about other people’s domestic systems, and belief that liberal values transfer readily to foreign affairs. The reason for American Exceptionalism could be chased back to American Culture and American Spirit. Even though the United States systemRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Berger s The Desecularization Of The World Resurgent Religion1401 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Berger in The Desecularization of the World Resurgent Religion argues against modernization theory which states as the world modernizes religiosity decreases. Berger contends in the face of empirical evidence secularization theory is untenable. Berger argues it is irresponsible to label the world as secular in the midst of empirical evidence. Evidence is presented that suggests t he world is no less religious than other times in history with notable exceptions primarily in European regionsRead MoreEssay about American Exceptionalism and Cross-Cultural Communications1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of American exceptionalism and cross-cultural communications has the ability to improve U.S. military effectiveness in USPACOM. Understanding these two cultural principles will improve effectiveness in three ways. First, it allows USPACOM personnel to understand their biases. Second, it gives USPACOM personnel a perspective on how nations in their area of responsibility may potentially view their actions. Finally, cross-cultural communications provides tools for USPACOM personnel toRead MoreNational Security Structure Development in Steven Hook and John Spaniers Book, American Foreign Policy Since WWII807 Words   |  4 PagesAside from being informative and concise in its historical approach, Hook and Spanier also critiques the several flaws and perspecti ves that occurred in the American foreign policy history since World War II. Hook and Spainer deems that American Exceptionalism greatly fuels and influences some of the most important foreign policies since World War II. It is basically a belief that the U.S. is different from all other countries, and thus, is necessary to be also considered as different. One of theRead MoreThe French Enlightenment Vs British Enlightenment Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican exceptionalism. The belief that America has been, and still is, the greatest and most important ally to have in the world, and has been for centuries. Based on the resources, allies, its place in the world, and its government, The United States has been noted as one of the most, if not the most, exceptional countries in the world. Along with the individuals who are likely to agree with this idea, there are some that oppose it. Beyond the fight between whether American Exceptionalism is goodRead MoreIs America Considered An Exceptional Nation?2037 Words   |  9 Pagesagree that the United States is undoubtedly an exceptional nation. Yet, there continues to be debate over the idea of American exceptionalism as each individual has their own opinions on the expression. The theory of exceptionalism dates back to Alexis De Tocqueville, a French political thinker who described the country as quite exceptional and believed no democratic individuals will ever be placed in a similar one (De Tocqueville, 1835). According to Webster’s dictionary, exceptionalism is describedRead MoreThe Frontier Of American History1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe idea of American exceptionalism, which states that America is different than other nations in the world. The development of America included many significant events, and our nation s identity was made up by many factors, not just only the frontier. Nowadays, the America defines itself as a large and powerful country in the world. We are all proud to be an American. Thus, the stress on a distinct national identity is appropriate within an increasingly diverse nation-state and an ever globalizingRead MorePresident Obam A New Era Of Responsibility Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages In 2008, still withered by the greatest economic downturn in nearly a century and embroiled in two costly and seemingly unending wars, the citizens of the United States of America were in desperate need of a beacon of hope. However, as the new year was ushered in, so was the chance at a new start. In January 2009, the first African American president, Barack Obama took his oath and delivered his inaugural address, â€Å"A New Era of Responsibility.† In this speech, President Obama, in an attempt toRead MoreAn Era Of Great Conflict1375 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracy in America in 1835 and examined the democratic revolution; he references to American Exceptionalism and the five characteristics that make America â€Å"Exceptional†. Similarly, the 1950s in America was recognized for its highs and lows. Even with the economy was booming, it was known as an era of great conflict (History.com Staff). In the 1950s, Tocqueville’s five characteristics of American Exceptio nalism are invalidated; liberty was not attainable due to the Cold War policies like McCarthyism

Illegal Activities Of Criminal Bikie Gangs - 1400 Words

`Do Queensland’s ‘tough new laws’ of 2013 that ‘target the illegal activities of criminal bikie gangs’ violate the human rights of motorcycle club members and other members of the public? The Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment Act (VLAD) was brought into action 2013. The act states that â€Å"a person is a vicious lawless associate if the person commits a declared offence; and at the time the offence is committed, or during the course of the commission of the offence, is a participant in the affairs of an association (relevant association) and did or omitted to do the act that constitutes the declared offence for the purpose of, or in the course of participating in the affairs of, the relevant association. However, a person is not a vicious lawless associate if the person proves that the relevant association is not an association that has, as 1 of its purposes, the purpose of engaging in, or conspiring to engage in, declared offences.† This Act allows the police force to charge/arrest any person if it can be proven that they are associated with ‘bikie gangs’, have a logo relating to a gang or are in part of a group of three or more associates. The sentencing that is related to the VLAD Laws state that the associate will be imprisoned for the duration of time related tot heir committed offence and then a further fifteen years must be served along with their original sentence. Essentially it means that if you are associated with a bikie gang and commit a crime â€Å"forShow MoreRelatedOutlaw Motorcycle Gangs949 Words   |  4 PagesOutlaw Motorcycle Gangs/Clubs (OMG’s/OMC’s) Just 3 months after Campbell Newman’s war against bikie gangs in Queensland, 460 offenders have been charged, numerous clubhouses vacated and colours handed in. In addition to these figures statistics show a dramatic decrease in bikie related crime on the Gold Coast including: assaults dropping 16 percent, armed robbery dropping 42 percent and unlawful entry dropping 26 percent. Despite this decrease in criminal activity the Australian Crime CommissionRead MoreThe Mongols: The Crimes They Commit Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesMongols are one of the biggest motorcycle gangs and organized crime groups. This writer will examine the Mongols criminal activity to prove that they are an organized crime group. This will be done through the examination of the group’s involvement in racketeering, murder, guns, drugs, and assault. One crime that the Mongols commit that make them an organized crime group is Racketeering. Racketeering is defined as carrying out illegal business activities, usually by an organized crime group. DuringRead MoreOutlaw Motorcycle Gangs Law Reform2079 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMCG’s) inhabit an active presence in all states and territories in Australia. Some members of these gangs are responsible for serious organised crime and yet the total gang and membership numbers of Australian OMCGs is rising. According the Australian Crime Commission1. (ACC), Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are among the most detectable components of Australia’s criminal landscapes and because unlike other criminal organisations who try and keep themselves anonymous, OMCGs on

Report on Robi Free Essays

[pic] Career Planning Development in ROBI Table of Contents Acknowledgement04 Executive Summary04 Objective05 Primary Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 05 Report Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Methodology05 Limitations05 Company Overview06 Mission †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 Vision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Robi or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 Theme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 Major Milestones of Robi07 Statement of the Topic08 Training Programs in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Importance of TD Process In Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦09 Training Process In Robi10 In-House Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Foreign Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Objectives of Training Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Training Plan Trainee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Training Needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Training Time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Training Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Trainer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Trainee Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Table of Contents Development Programs in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Importance of Development Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Developme nt Process In Robi Way of Conducting Development Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Job Rotation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Junior Board†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Problems of TD Process in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Acknowledgement The term paper on is prepared for Dr. Zahed Husain Sikder, the course instructor of undergraduate program, School of Business at American International University of Bangladesh (AIUB). This report is the partial requirement of HR Planning and Forecasting (BBA-00986) course during the Summer-2011 and submitted at the same semester. Executive Summary Telecom industry is one of the significant industries of Bangladesh. There are some very strong participants in this sector, which has made this a very competitive market. Despite the high entry costs, new companies are gradually coming into this industry. Currently there are 6 competitors in this telecom market in our country. AXIATA Group take over the ownership of AKTEL and very recently they have been reformed with new slogan, new motto and last but not the least, they have changed their brand name to ROBI from what it was earlier, AKTEL. Good quality with providing full customer satisfaction is the main mission of ROBI. As because AXIATA Group came with a new name and new mission, they have set their target customers primarily will be young generation and apart from that they will try to reach more of their existing customers with their new products and services and also they want to make huge contribution in the socio-economy of our country. So their focus is to provide refreshment to the customers in a comparatively cheaper call rates and other customer services. ROBI have some competitors for example: GrameenPhone Ltd, Bangla Link, Airtel Bangladesh, City Cell Ltd, and Tele Talk. ROBI wants to make huge impression in this industry and they ill try to capture more and more market shares, so they will inform all aged people by following advertising and other sales promotion. As it has changed their name, it is little bit difficult to capture the customer’s attraction and once the customers will familiar with the product, and then it will be very easy to launch our product in its selected are as. ROBI is always trying to focus improving its products and services based on customer demand, satisfaction and preferences. Objective Primary Objective: The primary objective of this project is to learn about the Training and Development process of the ROBI mobile company. Report objective: ? Detailed information about Training and development process of the company. ? To focus on different types of Training programmes, Supervisor of the programmes, Trainee, Trainer, Training time, Training place, Training needs, Trainee evaluation. ? To focus on different Development programmes and different Development process. ? To know the problems of Training and Development process and recommendation for that problems. Methodology We used Secondary data to make this report. And that is why the data and information is taken from newspaper, business magazines, and catalogs and also from the internet. Limitations The major limitation factor for this report was primarily the reluctance and strict devotion to confidentiality maintenance attitude shown by the official website of ROBI mobile company. Moreover, some information was withheld to preserve privacy of the company. So, we couldn’t give the exact information always. Most of all we had very little time to finish this project. If we had some time more the project could have been better. But inspite of that we have tried our level best to make the report data more meaningful. Company Overview Robi is a dynamic and leading countrywide GSM communication solutions provider. It is a joint venture company between Axiata and NTT DoCoMo, Japan. Robi was officially commenced its operations in 1997 among the pioneers GSM mobile telecommunications provider in Bangladesh. Covering all 64 districts of the country, Robi  has become the first mobile operator to connect Tetulia and Teknaf, the northern and southern most points of Bangladesh and the first to provide seamless coverage along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. Robi  supports 2G voice, CAMEL phase 2 and GPRS/EDGE service with high speed internet connectivity. It has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 440 operators across 203 countries. Robi’s GSM service is based on a robust network architecture and cutting edge technology such as Intelligent Network (IN), which provides peace-of-mind solutions in terms of voice clarity, extensive nationwide network coverage, and multiple global partners for international roaming. Robi  customer centric solution includes value added services (VAS), quality customer care, easy access call centers, digital network security, and flexible tariff rates. With its strengths and competencies developed over the years, Robi  aims to provide the best quality service experience in terms of coverage and connectivity to its customers all over Bangladesh. Vision: To be a leader as a Telecommunication Service Provider in Bangladesh. Mission: ROBI aims to be achieving its vision through being number â€Å"One† not only in terms of market share, but also by being an employer of choice with up-to date knowledge and products geared to address the ever changing needs of our budding nation. Theme: â€Å"Customer First† Major Milestones of ROBI ? First time introduced the ‘mobile Plus (PSTN Incoming Connectivity only) Product Services’ in Bangladesh. ? First time introduced the Tele-Ramadan (Timing of Iftar and Sehri during Ramadan) under Tele-info Services in Bangladesh. First time introduced the Seamless Coverage throughout the Dhaka- Chittagong Highway and named it as ‘Chittagong Dhaka Corridor (CDC)’. ? First time introduce the full fledged IVR based Customer Services (Call Center) in telecom market. ? First time introduced cellular services in the most northern part of Bangladesh by launching ROBI Service in Rangpur and Dinajpur in 2002. ? TMIB brought Twenty Six (26) Districts and the outskirts under ROBI network by the end of Year 2002 successfully. ? Introduced the automatic system generated bill amount and payment request for the Post-paid subscribers in 2002. The automatic unbarring facility, after necessary payment making by the subscribers, is also a part of this system. Today, ROBI is recognized as a leading brand in Bangladesh and this is driven by our persistent pursuit of quality and technology, putting it clearly ahead of the rest. The future with ROBI is promised to be exciting as we strive to employ the best resources and latest technology in offering many more innovative and exciting products and services Statement of the Topic We have selected the topic of Determination of Training and Development needs in ROBI for our report. Training Programmes in ROBI The training program is a vital link in the process of converting the recruit into productive representatives. The money, which is spent on recruiting and selecting people, may be wasted if their selection is not followed up with the proper training programs. Additionally, experienced reps may not improve or even maintain their productivity if they are not provided with an adequate amount of continual training. So the purpose of training is to relate and improve the specific performance related skills, attitudes, perception and behaviors require people’s success with the state of readiness of the force. As ROBI is the leading provider of telecom services, they always want to serve their best. That is why, they have very strong and effective training department to train the best training to their employees. At ROBI the top-level management believes that their primary competitive advantage comes from their employees. In the ever-changing mobile industry, all of they must continuously upgrade their skills and knowledge in order to maintain this competitive advantage. Their training programs are based on the job natures and the performance of the employees. Their goal is to attract, retain and motivate the very best and to do that they support training, development, and business education. Importance of Training and Development Process in ROBI Training and Development is the field concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. In other words it means taking human inputs recruited or even existing employees and turning them into productive part of the company. ROBI believes that Training programs should be taken as a continual, ongoing process, which improve the scenario in different dimensions such as: ? Training process is conducted to provide the freshers the basic knowledge which is required to perform their specific job perfectly. ? Robi provides practice session for the new employees, to implement the basic knowledge. Because Robi believes on the more practice the more perfect empolyee. ? Training provides the people with better improved knowledge, working habits, working techniques which are essential part to achieve both employee and company satisfaction and thus retaining them in the long run. ? Training programs also help trainee to develop positive attitude about themselves and company as a whole. As a developing country, Bangladeshi people, in general, are not very aware about the technological changes that are taking place. Through Training and Development process ROBI wants to make the each and every employee that much capable so that they can prove themselves as one of the most vital weapons to achieve overall, long-run goals of the organization. And from these discussions we can realize that how important the Training and Development process is in ROBI. Training Process in ROBI ROBI uses different training technique depending on the training content, urpose of the training program, participants of the program as well as time required for the completion of the training. The training program of ROBI is conducted before sending the entry level employees to the workstation. The training need of each employee is analyzed through two processes: TNA: Training Need Analysis SGA: Skill Gap Analysis The results of these two Training Need Analysis processes measures how much trainin g each employee needs There are two types of training process: 1. In-house training: This training is provided through the vendors. Employee supervisors or line managers provide a coaching for the new employees. In coaching, lectures are delivered to provide knowledge related to the specific jobs. A lecture is the best way to present a basic outline of a subject in a shorter time to a larger number of trainees than any of the other techniques. For example, when information about ROBI’S products, new services, and new findings in the research and company information, market condition is to be given to the trainees then the training department adopts lectures. With this technique, a trainer can handle a higher number of participants and give greater volume of information within a short time period 2. Foreign training: To implement new technology Robi have to train their new employees from foreign countries. They have arranged for international training for their employees according their performance . In this case the employee has to sign a Bond assuring the company that he will not leave company next few years. This duration varies based on the training. Employees are mainly sent to Malaysia for this higher training. The cost of relocations, the whole expense of food and housing are providing by ROBI Company as long as they are in the abroad for training. Job rotation: ROBI provide job rotation to the entry-level employees. In this process they don’t send their employee of one department to another department for training. What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. Discussion: In ROBI, when any new system is launched or when there is any need for changing the technique or policies, discussion is used as a training method where both the trainer and the trainees can share their thoughts and opinions. During the leadership training, induction training as training on advanced selling skill; the training department usually prefers discussion. Sometimes, when cases are given to the trainees to solve the problem and suggest recommendation, group discussion also takes place among the trainees. Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department Though the training programs are provided by different departments, the overall supervision is upon the HR department. They look after the overall process and do some routine functions. They are as follows: ? Prepare, maintain and update training related database. ? Prepare career development plan ? Prepare induction training manual/modules ? Evaluate training program ? To Make agreement between ROBI and employees for overseas training ? To communicate with different local training institutions ? To communicate with trainers/instructors. Objectives of Training Programs in ROBI A primary objective of many training programs is to teach the force how to be more productive. Usually, a person’s productivity will increase with experience. But if training can substitute for some of the needed experience, higher productivity levels should be reached earlier. Training Plan Training gives new employees the skills required to perform their jobs perfectly. So make the training program perfect ROBI plans some steps, which are helpful for the fresher. ROBI follows the following steps to conduct training. ? Trainee: As newly hired person doesn’t have enough knowledge about the company and his job, training can help them in this regard. Although experienced people have knowledge about their job still they need training to cope with the changing world. Training needs: ROBI mainly follows ‘need based training’. That is, whenever the supervisor finds that his/her subordinates’ need sufficient training; they immediately take necessary steps and arrange training programs. They are as follows: ? Performance testing ? Job analysis ? Force survey ? Performance survey ? Observation ? Training times: Timing of the training has two basic attitudes. Some organizations prefer training first than go for the job, where as some organizations want training based on after job performance. ROBI, the Training programs are made as yearly basis for providing training on techniques and skills for all level of their employees including the ones from other departments because they believe that in a organization everybody needs to have skill. The marketing department, sales department and HR department altogether do the overall plan. This yearly plan for training is enhanced by the monthly meetings held in every spots where ROBI has subsidiaries. These meetings are referred to as Pre- cycle Briefing meeting. These meetings try to find out in which areas and for which employees training is needed. In the beginning of the training, expectations from each participant in the training program are assessed and according to that the managers design the content of the training. At every meeting, each department discuss and analysis the performance of the worker of their department in the past month and identifies whether they are performing accordingly or not. If someone fails to perform and cannot reach the objective then the need for training arises. Plan of every individual department also has significant impact on the training plan because only proper training can ensure the implementation of the plan. The yearly plan for providing training makes sure that it can be helpful for the achievement of the objective of the plan. The training department plans the training before 2-3 months from the time intended to provide the training to the employees. The Training Manager is responsible for preparing the budgeting, plan on which training for whom in all department, planned actions, and also give guidelines to the Human Resource Department for recruitment and selection. However, Training Manager specifically works with the related training. According to the company’s perspective, everybody should have knowledge about their related job. So, the Training Manager plans what type of training is required for new recruits and the existing personnel and how the training is going to change the current performance and will help in achieving the desired level of performance. Both the managers analyze the performance of the trainee after attending the training program taken place in the last month and set strategy for the next month’s training plan. ? Training place: Training can be provided in both centralized and decentralized manner. Centralized training occurs when all the people come to one central location (often home office) to have training. On the other hand decentralized training of people is usually held in field or regional offices. ROBI follows both centralized and decentralized training. General management training program for the top level executives are mainly held in the home office because centralized school normally has more formal facilities for training than are available in the field. As top-level executives need more advanced training, that’s why, it usually held in the head-office. On the other hand, those whose works are mainly field based, they often have to go with their senior people to the field, have to do on-the-job training, attend seminars, conferences etc to increase their outer knowledge. ? Trainer: A trainer is the person on whom the success or failure of the whole training program is dependent. There are three types’ trainers by, they are- I. Regular line executives II. Staff personnel and III. Outside specialists. Because each has certain advantages, it is not unusual to find organizations using all these three types as well as using one or two types. It basically depends on the size of the firm, the characteristics of the product line, the focus of the training where the sessions are held etc. ROBI has both line executive trainer and outside specialists. The HR manager and senior supervisor usually train their own force. In that way, the trainer can get better understanding about the laggings of their force and can take necessary steps according to that. On the other hand, force also get known environment because of their own supervisor as their trainer. Robi also bring outside specialists from abroad like Malaysia. In this way, they get the most advance and recent information from their competitors. ? Trainee Evaluation: In ROBI, The effectiveness of a training program is measured by evaluation of the trainees. This evaluation is necessary in terms of assessing the value of the training and in terms of improving the design of future programs. There are mainly four outcomes based on which the organization evaluates the success or failure of each training program. The four outcomes are- reaction, learning, behavior and results. After each training session, each must have to submit an ‘annual assessment’. In the annual assessment, each trainee is asked to do report regarding the training program and is asked to do presentations on the items they have learnt. During the training, quizzes and assignments are also given among the trainees. The effects of training on their performance are evaluated through the performance they have done after taking part in the training compared to the performance they used to do before the training and by this the organization measure the effectiveness of that training program. The trainees who have gone abroad for attending the training program are required to submit a report regarding on the materials taught in the whole training program. This type of evaluation helps both the trainers as well as the trainees. The trainees can compare their own performance and try to improve according to that. The trainers can judge the effectiveness of training and can develop better strategy for the upcoming training program. Development Programmes in ROBI Management development is any attempt to managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills. For the past few years management developments focus has been shifting from preparing managers to fill higher level slots to preparing them to meet the challenges of managing in past paced environment. Increasingly, therefore, the emphasis is on developing a manager’s ability to learn and make decisions under conditions of rapid change. The management development program may be aimed at filling a specific position, such as CEO, perhaps with one of two potential candidates. When it is an executive position to be filled, the process is usually called succession planning. Succession planning refers to the process through which senior level openings are planned for and eventually filled. Importance of Development Programmes in ROBI When ROBI selects their own employees to fill the vacant higher positions they look for the employee who are ready to get the higher position. As they do not follow the personnel replacement chart or position replacement card they have to make those employees ready to acquire the higher position ROBI conducts development program for them. It helps those employees to have the ability to take decisions those are required in the higher-level position. Those who deserve the higher position receive a development process conducted by ROBI but it’s true that their development programs are not well organized though they take some necessary steps for developing their employees who are working inside the organization. Development Process in ROBI ? Way of Conducting Development Process: Before starting a development program they analyze the employees to what extent they need the development to be fit for the higher position. To analyze this they go through SGA (skill gap analysis). On the basis of the SGA every employee has to have a yearly 40 hours development process. It depends on the current skill of those employees. Every employee of ROBI (from manager to managing director) goes through a career succession planning. Through this career succession planning employees develops their skills to deserve the vacant higher position. ? The Development Process: To conduct a development process ROBI follows the following on the jobs techniques: 1. Job rotation: ROBI provide job rotation to the managerial employees also. But the idea of ROBI’s job rotation policy is limited only to the department. That means they don’t send their employees of one department to another department. What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. For example, for job rotation they send Marketing manager of Chittagong branch to the Marketing department of Dhaka branch as a manager which position is vacant, but they don’t send a marketing manager to the sells department or HR department or any other branches. 2. Junior Board: It is used for operational decisions in most cases. But sometimes it is used to take very few strategic decisions (example: to design training program). To attend junior board all employees should already receive the initial coaching. In junior board top level managers have a sit with the sub-ordinates and encourage them to provide possible suggestions regarding a decision. The sub-ordinates try to give suggestions through brainstorming using the knowledge provided in the initial coaching. Problems of Training and Development Programs in Robi Though ROBI follows most of the rules and regulations of standard training programs but still they have some problems with their existing training and development programs. Some of the problems are listed below- ? They don’t have action-learning program. As a result employees don’t get scope to increase their project skill and to know about the problems of another department. ? They don’t concentrate on off the job training. We know, off the job training is sometimes more important to know about the job. ? Review system is not strong enough. As a result it becomes quite difficult to understand how effective the training was. ? Lack of motivation in the training side. ROBI don’t motivate that much while employees took training. They took training just like they are doing their regular jobs. Less scope of developing for the senior employees. Senior employee especially the aged employees don’t have sufficient idea about the changing environment of technology. Recommendation and Ways of Implement of Training and Development Programs in Robi In order to solve the problems with the existing training and development system, we recommend the following suggestion. The ways of implementing those recommendations is a lso discussed. 1. From the problem part, we become able to know that ROBI don’t follow action learning training and off the job training. We would not recommend implementing action learning training. But ROBI should provide off the job training. Because, for some sectors or jobs off the job training is more valuable than on the job training. In order to implement off the job training in the company they can follow those steps: – ? Select the sectors and employee for this training ? A time horizon for the training. It will be selected by the discussion with the employees. ? Then the trainer would be selected. They don’t need to hire new trainer for this, they can provide off the job training ith their existing trainer. ? Sufficient training materials should be provided to the employees. 2. They should motivate employee to give more concentration on their training. The reason is that motivations don’t cost enough money, but it helps to the employees to learn rapidly. If they are motivated and learn the job then not only they will be benefited, at the same time they will serve the company with their b est effort. In order to motivate them, ROBI can provide them various incentives, like- informing them about the benefit of the training, how it will help them, etc. 3. Senior employees should also be developed always. We already mentioned that in ROBI senior employees do not get enough facilities and time to develop themselves. As a result they always have lack of idea about the technological change. In order to provide training for the senior employees ROBI may need to provide different sessions like action learning, case study method, management games. So, it may cost ROBI. But in the long run, they will be benefited. Conclusion ROBI is trying to cope up with the changing market situation and that is why they have come with a new name, new slogan and new mission. To be very frank, the telecom sector of our country is totally dominated by GrameenPhone Ltd, with its extreme superior network coverage and customer services. Also in last year, Bharti Airtel made its entrance in our country by capturing the ownership of WARID telecom. So this telecom industry will be in a fluctuating situation within a very short time. Technologically ROBI is lagging behind far more than GP. So to make progress and capture the more market share it needs drastic steps to make improvement. ROBI has a very passionate and hard working marketing department, very dedicating customer service team who are trying their level best to take ROBI one step ahead because previously its slogan was ONE STEP AHEAD. Although its slogan has been changed but its vision should be like this to cement its place into this industry. We hope ROBI will be successful with its new brand name and its products and services. Bibliography Name of Websites Are- http://www. robi. com. bd/ www. google. com www. en. wikipedia. org www. gsmworld. com www. btrc. gov. bd www. aktel-users-group. blogspot. com ———————– 2 How to cite Report on Robi, Papers

Hitler and His Downfall Essay Example For Students

Hitler and His Downfall Essay To many World War II has been the most devastating war in human history. It had been global military conflict that caused the loss of millions of lives as well as material destruction. The war began in Europe in September of 1939. It ended on May 8, 1945. This day was marked by the British government as V-E (Victory in Europe) Day. The outcome of this war left a new world order dominated by the United States and the Soviet Union. Adolf Hitler was born in Braunuam Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889 and died (committed suicide) on April 30, 1945. He was the son of a minor customs official and a peasant girl. He had a love for reading although he never completed high school and was rejected by the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna due to his lack of talent. Through reading he developed his anti-democratic and anti-Jewish beliefs, the admiration for the outstanding individual and contempt for the masses. By volunteering for service in the Baverian Army during World War I, he proved himself as a dedicated and courageous soldier. Since his sponsors felt that he lacked in leadership quantities, he was never promoted beyond private first class. In September 1919, Hitler joined the Nationalist German Workers Party later changed its ame to the National Social German Workers (Nazi) Party. To become the leader of Germany, he took advantage of the Great Depression of 1929 and explained it as a Jewish Communist plot. Through promises of a strong Germany, more jobs and national glory, he gained popularity and was appointed chancellor in January 1933. Once in power, he established himself as a dictator. After World War I, Germany was dissatisfied with the outcome of the war. There were large reparations to pay, their military power had been restrained, they suffered and resented the territorial losses some of hich, were withheld as collateral, and Germany had been held accountable for the entire war. Germany felt that they had been treated unjustly. Their sense of German nationalism began to grow. Thus, Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations in October, 1933. Hitlers first step to dominate this area failed in 1934. the first Anschluss, which is the unification of Germany and Austria, was stopped by Italys Mussolini. At this time, Mussolini feared Hitler and Germany but through the Spanish Civil War, they became allies and signed the Anti-Cominterm Pact along with Japan. This pact was to resist the expansion f communism. With Mussolini now on his side, Anschuluss was a success in March of 1939. This move strengthened Germanys economy and put them in a better position strategically, with Italy. Czechoslovakias Sudatan lands was Hitlers next step. To gain this territory Hitler demanded self-determination for the Germans in this region. Therefore the Munich Conference took place in September 1938 and the results of this was the Sudatan Germans were seceded to Germany. Present at this conference were representatives from Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy. Czechoslovakia was not represented. Poland then aid claims on Teschen and Hungary on Carpatho-Ruthenia. Hitler gained these areas by giving the west the impression that the only reason he wanted them was to unify the Germans and Germany. The west, Great Britain and France, allowed this because of a policy they had toward Hitler and Germany called appeasement. The two main reasons they followed this policy was the fear of Bolshevism and an attempt to prevent another war. The next step for Hitler was the complete occupation of Czech. This was accomplished on March 1939, just six months after the Munich conference. Slovakia was left alone by Hitlers men but was an independent state. Its Independence was just a front for Hitler to create a puppet state. Hitlers victory in Czechoslovakia greatly enhanced their military position, but above all helped arm his men with the aid of the Skoda Works which was now under the control of Germany. The Skoda Works was the largest arms manufacturer in Europe. Czechoslovakia had no alternative but to accept Hitlers rule. This was the end of the appeasement from Great Britain and France. they then made a guarantee to both Poland and Bulgaria that in the event of a German attack, they would come to their aid. Hitlers next effort was directed towards Poland with the excuse of egaining Danzig and the corridor to unit Germany. On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded and attacked an incapable Polish army. While Germany invaded with tanks and planes, Poland countered with men on horseback. Personal Story - The Dance Party EssayPoor weather and breakdowns in mobile units led to numerous delays. An example of this is that after the battle for Kiev, Panzer Group 2 had only 30% of its tanks remaining, altough Panzer Group 3 and Group 4 were slightly better off. Supply lines were becoming longer and longer, and the capacity of merchanized transport had greatly eclined. The railways were still operating, but they could not carry enough equipment to keep the fronts supplied. By the middle of October German troops were in excellent position surrounding Moscow. The problem of supplies still remained. German forces depended on a narrow, long and extremely vulnerable supply lines. The railway lines were operating but they were very inefficient. All of these factors along with one more major event led to the end of any ligitament German offensive in World War II. This major event was winter. As one German general put it, The icy cold, the lack of shelter, the hortage of clothing, the heavy losses of men and equipment, the wretched state of our fuel supplied, all this makes the duties of a commander a misery and the longer it goes on the more I am crushed by the responsibility which I have to bear. Hitler admitted this when he canceled his attack on Moscow. The severe winter weather which has come surprisingly early on the east and the consequent difficulties in bringing up supplies, compel us to abandon immediately all major offensive operations and go over to the defensive. At this point Hitler moved 70% of his tanks and assault guns to the Russian front leaving Southern Europe ul nerable. In the Spring on 1943 American and Russian industrial production were at their peak an Germany could no longer regain its superiority in armaments. The allies began attacking German armaments and destroying German cities. Hitlers last major offensive came in July, but he confessed to his commander that the entire offensive was all a gamble. This offensive was a complete failure, due to Russia being completely prepared with extensive defenses. Along with this failure in Russia and the allies gaining ground in southern Europe, Hitler also had to contend with resistance from within Poland. The Home Army, consisting of 300,000 men caused havoc for Hitlers men stationed in Poland. The fact that Hitler had to station more men in Poland to contend with the Home Army took some strength away from his Russian front, which could have saved him from defeat. Russia forced Hitler back into a defensive withdrawal. He also lost command of the air as allied planes were seen more and more along with Germanys lack of fuel to train new pilots. Taking control over the air campaign was a major step for the allies. This proved to be an important part of Hitlers strategy which was now limited due to his lack of control. Hitler quoted his idol Frederick the Great in saying: I started this war with the most wonderful army in Europe; today Ive got a muck heap. I have no leaders any more, my generals are incompetent, the troops are all wretched. This quote alone states the condition Hitler and his forces were in near the end of the war. Even at the end, Hitlers military plans were brilliant and may have been successful had he possessed sufficient resources and forces to ensure it a reasonable chance of succeeding. Due to his lack of forces and supplies, the Allies captured Berlin in April 1945. Hitler felt that both Germany and is Generals had failed him and that only the weak will survive the war because all the good men are already dead. Before Germany surrendered, Hitler committed suicide. Many historians have compared Hitler to Napolean. Both their failures have been the underestimation of the Russian winter. Another of Hitlers faults is the extreme overconfidence he possessed. Had he excepted failure in Russia and retreated to regroup, his offensive may not have ended in complete failure. He believed in complete domination or destruction. This belief led to his downfall and to his decition to commit suicide.

Biculturism and Marginalization Essays

Biculturism and Marginalization Essays Biculturism and Marginalization Essay Biculturism and Marginalization Essay * Ross-Sheriff ( 2011 ) commented that international migration forms have * changed as a effect of wide societal. political. economic. and environmental * tendencies and explained the causes of the drive forces were including war. * globalisation. urbanisation. and altering cultural norms sing societal functions and * duties ( Ross-Sheriff. 2011 ) . With these complex tendencies of migration * forms. Van Hear ( 2010 ) viewed migration as a procedure which was an built-in portion * of broader societal transmutations. but which besides had its ain internal kineticss with * other factors related to the migrating procedure. determining societal transmutation in their * ain manner. Migration was besides linked in complex ways to category. gender. coevals. * ethnicity and other societal factors. which were embodied in places in place and host * communities. and in work and domestic relationships. all of which might be * transformed in the class of the migratory procedure ( Van Hear. 2010 ) . To understand this complex procedure of migration. particularly under altering fortunes of one civilization to another. it might be utile to construct conceptual tools for understanding these ephemeral procedures in migration surveies and in societal scientific discipline more widely ( Van hear. 2010 ) . They besides include interceding agents and passages that need besides to be accounted for. every bit good as intersections among category. gender. coevals. ethnicity and other societal ruptures every bit good as the chief drive forces of migration ( Van Hear. 2010 ) . Of class there were other of import constructs such as dealingss between clip and infinite. between kineticss or procedures and results. and between construction and bureau that needed to acquire attending ( Van Hear. 2010 ) . However. it is impossible to discourse all different theoretical constructs involved in different types of migration procedure in the current limited survey. Rather. this survey tried to concentrate on psychological impacts such as cultural individuality and self-pride on migration through socialization procedures peculiarly on family- related migration because different forms of migration produced different communities and resulted in bring forthing different migratory individualities including changing degrees of psychological hurt ( Jones. 2008 ) . Further. few empirical surveies have focused on migrator grownups populations. Most migrators designation related literatures tended to associate more for striplings or immature kids because individuality formation might be peculiarly disputing in this cohort. particularly when the values and beliefs of their natal civilization differed significantly from those of the host society ( Sodowsky. Kwan. A ; Pannu. 1995 ; as cited in Farver. Narang. A ; Bhadha. 2002 ) . Therefore. this survey focused on cultural individuality and self-identification issues of grownup migrants’ themselves within a household construction harmonizing to different theoretical theoretical accounts relevant to version of new civilizations. because household was the basic instrument in the society ( Nesdale. Rooney. A ; Smith. 1997 ) . In fact. most cultural acquisition theories developed and evolved in 1990s. when international migration became a cardinal issue in international political relations at the beginning of 1990s. As Castle ( 2002 ) argued that migration. development and international dealingss were closely connected as migration was a major factor of transmutation for both sending and receiving states for different types of migrators ( Castle. 2002 ) . With this position. this survey by and large focused on those migration civilization acquisition theories developed in 1990 instead so looking at current positions in the most recent literatures. which really have evolved from these original theories in 1990s ( Castle. 2002 ) . As the findings from these research surveies has had been assorted or sometimes contradictory. it was of import to understand the exact nature of the relationship between migrator cultural designation and the socialization procedure both need to be specified and assessed decently with coherent measurings and theoretical premises ( Nesdale et Al. . 1997 ) . Important theoretical constructs: cultural individuality. socialization. biculturism. and marginalization. Harmonizing to Phinney ( 1990 ; as cited in Farver. Narang A ; Bhadha. . 2002 ) . cultural individuality and socialization were related but separate concepts. Cultural individuality involves an individual’s self-identification as a group member. a sense of belonging to an cultural group. attitudes toward cultural group of rank. and grade of cultural group engagement ( Farver et al. . 2002 ) . The term socialization was defined in anthropology as those phenomena. which resulted when groups of persons holding different civilizations came into uninterrupted first-hand contact with subsequent alterations in the original form of either or both groups ( Redfield. Linton. A ; Herskovits. 1936 ; as cited in Birman. 1994 ) . Although socialization was a impersonal term in this context ( that is. alteration might take topographic point in either or both groups ) . in pattern. socialization tended to bring on more alterations in one of the groups than in the other ( Berry. 1990a ; as cited in Berry. 1997 ) Berry ( 1997 ) argued that in all plural societies. cultural groups and their single members. in both dominant and non-dominant state of affairss. must cover with the issue of how to acculturate. Harmonizing to Berry ( 1997 ) . four socialization schemes were introduced: assimilation. separation. marginalisation. and integrating. When persons do non wish to keep their cultural individuality and seek day-to-day interaction with other new civilizations. the assimilation scheme is defined. In contrast. when persons place a value on keeping on to their original civilization. and at the same clip wish to avoid interaction with others. so the separation is defined ( Berry. 1997 ) . When there is an involvement in both keeping one’s original civilization. while in day-to-day interactions with other groups. integrating is the option ; here. there is some grade of cultural unity maintained. while at the same clip seeking to take part as an built-in portion of the larger societal web ( Berry. 1997 ) . Last. when there is small possibility or involvement in cultural care ( frequently for grounds of implemented cultural loss ) . and small involvement in holding dealingss with others ( frequently for grounds of exclusion or favoritism ) so marginalisation is defined ( Berry. 1997 ) . However. this socialization categories theoretical account has been criticized methodologically ( Rudmin. 2003. 2009 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) because all four of Berry’s classs were represented in the same manner by making the two by two matrix of socialization classs between high and low. However. the cut off point between high and low was arbitrary and would differ across samples. doing comparings across surveies hard. ensuing in the fact that all four classs existed and were every bit valid ( Rudmin. 2003 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) and proposing that non all of Berry’s classs might be in a given sample or population. and that some classs might hold multiple subtypes ( Schwartz et al. . 2010 ) . In peculiar. Berry ( 1997 ) viewed the term biculturism as mentioning to socialization that involved the single at the same time in the two civilizations that were in contact in integrative ways. which appeared to be a consistent forecaster of more positive results than the three options of assimilation. separation. or marginalisation. Berry and his co-workers ( Sam A ; Berry. 1995 ) assessed the socialization schemes of assorted immigrant groups in North America and the consequences showed that bicultural persons experienced less acculturational emphasis. anxiousness and fewer psychological jobs significantly. while marginalized persons suffered the most psychological hurt. including jobs with self-identification and cultural disaffection. which adversely affected their self-esteem ( Farver et al. . 2002 ) . However. Shiraev and Levy ( 2007 ) explained acculturational emphasis as a negative feeling that a marginalized individual might see as a straitening psychological reaction to any unfamiliar cultural environment based on the premise that individual and groups undergoing any societal and cultural alteration should see a certain sum of psychological hurt. Generally. many early definitions of socialization focused on exposure to two civilizations at the same time as a civilization daze. which was a reactive province of specific pathology or shortage. instead than taking advantage of being bicultural ( Berry A ; Annis. 1974 ; Shiraev et Al. . 2007 ) . The cogency of marginalisation as an attack to socialization by Berry ( 1997 ) was besides questioned ( Del Pilar A ; Udasco. 2004 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) . Schawartz et Al. argued that the likeliness that a individual would develop a cultural sense of ego without pulling on either the heritage or having cultural contexts would be less likely to. The marginalisation attack might be true merely for the little section of migrators who rejected both their heritage and receiving civilizations ( Berry. 2006b ) . Indeed. surveies utilizing through empirical observation based constellating methods have found little or nonexistent marginalisation groups and graduated tables that attempted to mensurate marginalisation typically had hapless dependability and cogency compared with graduated tables for the other classs ( Cuellar. Arnold. A ; Maldonado. 1995 ; Unger et Al. . 2002 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) . As described earlier. the impact of migrator cultural individuality on psychological hurt had relatively diverse points of positions if they were either negative or positive reactions. depending on different theoretical frames. For illustration. Social Identity Theory ( Tajfel A ; Turner. 2001 ) and Self-Categorization Theory ( Turner. 1987 ) emphasized more on the importance to persons of their designation with peculiar societal groups. Social Identity Theory ( Tajfel A ; Turner. 2001 ; as cited in Yip. Gee. A ; Takeuchi. 2008 ) viewed a possible account for why cultural individuality might buffer the effects of favoritism. Harmonizing to this theory. persons chose from an array of possible societal individuality groups and. one time those groups were chosen. persons focused on the positive facets of their in-group. which helped to hike their ain regard. proposing that cultural individuality was more of import to their overall individuality ( Yip et al. . 2009 ) . In contrast. if ethnicity was a cardinal constituent of one’s individuality. it might really worsen the effects of favoritism. ensuing in a greater negative impact on mental wellness. harmonizing to self-categorization theory ( Turner. Hogg. Oakes. Reicher. A ; Wetherell. 1987 ; as cited in Yip et Al. . 2008 ) . proposing that people should be more in melody with environmental cues that were relevant to an of import facet of their individuality. That is. experiences of racial favoritism might be such a cue relevant to their cultural individuality. Indeed. research suggested that African American grownups and striplings who reported strong racial centrality were besides more likely to describe experiences of racial favoritism ( Neblett. Shelton. A ; Sellers. 2004 ; Sellers. Caldwell. Schmeelk-Cone. A ; Zimmerman. 2003 ; Sellers A ; Shelton. 2003 ; as cited in Yip et Al. . 2008 ) . However. despite this accent by societal theoreticians. they tended to bury the larger literature that involved with both ethnicity and the socialization procedure ( Liebkind. 1993 ; 1996 ; as cited in Nesdale. Rooney A ; Smith. 1997 ) . First of all. these different findings resulted from deficiency of inclusion of socialization itself as a variable methodologically when socialization was considered as a phenomenon in research designs ( Sam and Berry. 2006 ) . Without including socialization as a variable. the accounts for human behaviour similarities and differences across populations would stay uncomplete ( Sam et al. . 2006 ) . Second. a farther unfavorable judgment of the socialization literatures was that the same two socialization procedures. and the same four-acculturation classs. characterized all migrators equally- regardless of the type of migrator. the states of beginning and colony. and the cultural group in inquiry. harmonizing to Berry’s ( 1980 ) theoretical account and other similar attacks ( Sam et al. . 2006 ) . Finally. the huge bulk of surveies in the socialization literature have focused on behavioural socialization ( Schwartz et al. . 2010 ) . That is. most widely used socialization steps included chiefly ( or merely ) points measuring linguistic communication usage and other cultural patterns ( e. g. . Cuellar. Arnold. A ; Maldonado. 1995 ; Stephenson. 2000 ; Szapocznik. Kurtines. A ; Fernandez. 1980 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) due to accepting the fact that cultural patterns might supply merely a just placeholder for cultural version ( Schwartz et al. . 2010 ) . Theoretical models for socialization research Shiraev A ; Levy ( 2007 ) claimed that cross-cultural psychologists normally used three attacks to analyze human activities in assorted cultural scenes. They were the sociobiological attack. the sociological attack and eco-cultural attack ( Shiraev et al. . 2007 ) . In peculiar. the eco-cultural attack emphasized both the environment and the person were seen as unfastened and substituting systems ( Shiraev et al. . 2007 ) . presenting John Berry whom originally developed this theory further in modern-day cross-cultural psychological science. Shiraev et Al. ( 2007 ) besides pointed out that specializers should to be able to explicate how. why. and to what extent people differed from one another. when ecological. biological. cultural. and acculturation factors were identified and taken into consideration ( Berry. J. W. . Poortinga. Y. H. . Segall. M. H. . A ; Dasen. P. R. . 1992 ; as cited in Shiraev et Al. . 2007 ) . In related to the concerns pointed by Shiraev et Al. ( 2007 ) . Berry ( 1997 ) argued earlier there were of import links between cultural context and single behavioural development. showing what happened to persons who developed in one cultural context when trying to re-establish their lives in another one through his socialization research model. by corroborating the fact that socialization was one of the most complex countries of research in cross-cultural psychological science because the procedure involved more than one civilization and in two distinguishable senses ( Berry. 1997 ) . Harmonizing to Berry ( 1997 ) . the construct of socialization was employed to mention to the cultural alterations ensuing from different cultural groups encountered. while the constructs of psychological socialization and version were employed to mention to the psychological alterations and eventual results that occur as a consequence of persons sing socialization. In another words. socialization phenomena resulted from contact between two or more civilizations and research on socialization had to be comparative in order to understand fluctuations in psychological results that were the consequence of cultural fluctuations in the two groups in contact ( Berry. 1997 ) . In peculiar. this model viewed the integrating theoretical account of socialization schemes the most desirable among other schemes. sing it the same as the biculturalism theoretical account ( Berry. 1997 ) . For illustration. Berry and his co-workers ( Berry. 1980 ; Berry. J. W. . Kim. U. . Power. S. . Young. M. A ; Bujaki. M. . 1989 ; Berry. Kim. Minde. A ; Mok. 1987 ; Sam A ; Berry. 1995 as cited in Farver et Al. . 2002 ) Assessed the socialization schemes of assorted immigrant groups in North America and the consequence showed that integrating was the most psychologically adaptative attitude. reasoning that integrated or bicultural persons experienced less acculturational emphasis and anxiousness and manifested fewer psychological jobs than those who were marginalized. separated. or assimilated. whereas marginalized persons suffered the most psychological hurt. including jobs with self-identification and cultural disaffection. which besides affected their self-esteem ( Farver et al. . 2002 ) . However. Phinney. Cantu. and Kurtz ( 1997 ) found that American individuality was associated with self-esteem merely for non-Hispanic White persons. but non for other cultural groups. These assorted consequences as explained above raised two issues in the socialization literatures. First of all. cultural patterns might offer merely a replacement for cultural adpatations. as Portes and Rumbaut ( 2001 as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) mentioned that many Asiatic American immature grownups in their sample were non proficient in their native linguistic communications. even though they still perceived their designation with their parents’ states of beginning and maintained many of their values ( Schwarz et al. . 2010 ) . Second. most research workers on biculturism did non sufficiently specify an accurate operational definition of biculturism so that reading of those research consequences were debatable ( Birman. 1994 ) . Indeed. one determination in the United States. was that self-identification as American was markedly higher in non-Hispanic White persons than in cultural minority groups ( e. g. . Devos A ; Banaji. 2005 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) and many White Americans did non perceived themselves as members of an cultural group ( Schildkraut. 2007 ; as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) . In brief. different operational definition jobs of socialization arose from different theoretical theoretical accounts of socialization sing to their premises ( LaFromboise. Coleman. A ; Gerton. 1993 ) . LaFromboise et Al. ( 1993 ) assumed socialization as one of replacements among the biculturism theoretical accounts. Biculturism as defined in this theory was viewed as the alternation theoretical account. which implied an person in two civilization contacts could be competent in both civilizations without losing one of the cultures’ competences in distinguishable cultural contexts as alternation theoretical account. whereas. merger theoretical account meant a blended cultural individuality. consisting of a synthesis of facets of both civilizations ( LaFromboise et al. . 1993 ) . However. Berry’s ( 1997 ) incorporating attack of biculturism differed from the bicultural theoretical account ( LaFromboise et al. . 1993 ; as cited in Birman. 1994 ) and it emphasized more on the relationship between the two cultural groups based on its inexplicit premise that one of two civilizations were higher than the other within a individual societal construction ( LaFromboise et al. . 1993 ) . Benet-Martinez and co-workers found that blended bicultural persons tended to describe higher self-pride and lower psychological hurt than a fringy population ( Chen et Al. . 2008 as cited in Schwartz et Al. . 2010 ) because the consistent handiness of both cultural flows within the person’s mundane life increased the easiness of triping the right cultural scheme in conformity with their environmental state of affairss ( Schwartz et al. . 2010 ) . In contrast. Tadmor. Tetlock. and Peng ( 2009 ) argued that the bicultural theoretical account considered those fringy persons in positive ways. when there was small involvement in cultural care and small involvement in holding dealingss with others. proposing positive facets of being a fringy individual might be ( 1 ) sharing his or her status with others of the same original civilization ; ( 2 ) engaging in institutional patterns that were shared by other fringy people ; ( 3 ) sing no major defeat from societal outlooks ; and ( 4 ) still comprehending himself or herself to be a member of a group ( LaFromboise et al. . 1993 ) . Harmonizing to Sam and Berry ( 2006 ) . many surveies of how migrators coped with intercultural contacts had disagreements in the ways in which they were operationalized and measured. As no standardised or widely accepted socialization steps existed. it was necessary to plan a clear and expressed preparation of socialization instrument in order to measure socialization adequately ( Sam et al. . 2006 ) . Further Sam and Berry ( 2006 ) pointed out that most empirical surveies widely used a self-report type of questionnaires that had been recognized restrictions such as societal desirableness. stressing obtaining divergent proof by beginning of information other than the respondents’ studies. Therefore. it is critical to understand each theory within its specific premises and non to generalise across all state of affairss irrespective of their similar findings ( LaFromboise et al. . 1993 ) . As this survey discovered migrants’ socialization procedures so far within specific theoretical models. literature findings in different research were assorted as to whether persons could be extremely acculturated and at the same clip be strongly identified with their cultural group ( Farver. Narang. A ; Bhadha. . 2002 ) . These confounding jobs ab initio evolved because of the context in which migration agreements and their socialization procedures were basically transformed and progressively unsure due to globalisation ( Landolt A ; Da. 2005 ) . Shiraev A ; Levy ( 2007 ) suggested a new attack to cross-cultural psychological science in the 21st century. which was linked to the construct of globalisation. Globalization was defined as a proliferation of cross-border flow and multinational webs due to new engineerings of communicating and conveyance that allowed frequent and multi-directional watercourses of people. thoughts and cultural symbols ( Castle. 2010 ) . Castle besides argued that globalisation leads to major alterations in the character of international migration. In other words. the context for migratory incorporation has already changed radically and will go on to make so. The rise of multiculturalism itself instead than assimilation or biculturism is one mark of this. but is non the terminal of the narrative: new signifiers of individuality and belonging go beyond multiculturalism ( Castle. 2010 ) . Even though there is limited empirical grounds for clear statements for globalisation. there likely are extremely widely distributed groups who feel at place everyplace such as planetary concern and professional elites might match with this image. But most members of multinational communities fall between these extremes. and likely have contradictory and fluctuating individualities ( Castle. 2002 ) . Decisions This survey explored that a particular instance of cultural psychological science was the survey of how persons respond to state of affairss where they were in passage between their original civilization and another that differed from it in some respects in footings of socialization. particularly within a specific theoretical frame that could use to the specific state of affairs ( Adler A ; Gielen. 1994 ) . There was no individual theory widely accepted by all societal scientists to hold with the outgrowth and prolongation of international migration forms in the universe under globalisation ( Van Hear. 2010 ) . proposing that the modern-day migrating context in which such migrating agreements were realized basically unbroken transforming so that it became progressively unsure ( Landolt and Da. 2005 ) . Although the subject of cultural contact and individual’ alteration has attracted considerable attending in modern-day cross-cultural psychological science. the field has been characterized by a deficiency of theoretical coherency. definitional jobs with cardinal concepts. and individual sample surveies that limit the external cogency of empirical cross-cultural research ( Ward and Kenney. 1994 ) . As socialization is a procedure which takes topographic point over clip. and which consequences in alterations both in the civilization and in the single civilization alterations. it would be ideal o comparison two sets of informations are compared over clip utilizing the same people. However. in pattern. it is impossible in most socialization research scenes ( Sam et al. . 2006 ) . Alternatively. a common option to longitudinal research is cross-sectional research in which a time-related variable. such as length of abode or generational position can be used for the generalizability of socialization theories ( Sam et al. . 2006 ) . In general. research workers of migrating surveies need to be cognizant that it is the selective nature of the sample that happens across all migrating research. That is. persons who chose to migrate would be different from those who do non ( Sodowsky. G. . Kwan. K. . A ; Pannu. R. . 1995 ; as cited in Farver et Al. . 1997 ) . Finally. socialization research by and large focused on immigrants assumed to be for good settled in their new host states. As a consequence. the footings migrants or international migrants referred to the same type of migrators jointly. Furthermore. many states were both directing and having states for different types of migrators. or in the procedure of passage from one type to the other ( Castel. 2002 ) . Therefore. where applicable. it is feasible to plan socialization research surveies sorting different types of migrators. References Adler. L. L. . A ; Gielen. U. P. ( Eds. ) . ( 1994 ) . Cross-cultural subjects in psychological science. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Berry. J. W. ( 1980 ) . Social and cultural alteration. In Triandis. H. C. . A ; Brislin. R. ( Eds. ) . Handbook of cross-cultural psychological science ( pp. 211-279 ) . Boston: Allyn A ; Bacon. Berry. J. W. . Kim. U. . Power. S. . Young. M. A ; Bujaki. M. ( 1989 ) . Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 38. 185-206 Berry. ( 1990a ) . Psychology of socialization. In Berman. J. ( Eds. ) . Cross-cultural positions: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation ( pp. 201-234 ) . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Berry. J. W. ( 1997 ) . Immigration. socialization. and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An international reappraisal. 46 ( 1 ) . 5-68. Berry. J. W. . A ; Annis. R. ( 1974 ) . A cculturation emphasis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 5 ( 4 ) . 382-397. Berry. J. W. . Kim. U. . Minde. T. . A ; Mok. D. ( 1987 ) . Comparative surveies of acculturational emphasis. International Migration Review. 21. 591-511. Berry. J. W. . Poortinga. Y. H. . Segall. M. H. . A ; Dasen. P. R. ( 1992 ) . Cross-cultural Psychology: Research and application. New York: Cambridge university Press. Birman. D. ( 1994 ) . Socialization and human diverseness in a multicultural society. In Trickett. E. J. . Watts. R. J. . A ; Birman D. ( Eds. ) . Perspectives on people in context ( pp. 261-284 ) . San Franscisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. Castele. S. ( 2002 ) . Migration and community formation under conditions of globalisation. The Center for Migration Studies of New York. 36 ( 4 ) . 1143- 1168. Cuellar. I. . Arnold. B. . A ; Maldonado. R. ( 1995 ) . Socialization Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: a alteration of the original ARSMA graduated table. Latino Journal of Behavioral Science. 17. 275-304. Department of the Interior: 10. 1177/07399863950173001 DelPilar. J. A. . A ; Udasco. J. O. ( 2004 ) . Deculturation: Its deficiency of cogency. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 10. 169-176. Department of the Interior: 10. 1037/1099- 9809. 10. 2. 169 Devos. T. . A ; Banaji. M. R. ( 2005 ) . American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 88. 447-466. Department of the Interior: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 3. 447 Farver. J. A. . Narang. S. K. . A ; Bhadha. B. R. ( 2002 ) . East meets west: Cultural individuality. socialization. and struggle in Asiatic Indian households. Journal of Family Psychology. 16 ( 3 ) . 338-350. Department of the Interior: 10. 1037//0893-3200. 16. 3. 338 Jones. A. ( 2008 ) . A soundless but mighty river: the costs of women’s economic migration. Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 33 ( 4 ) . 761-807. Landolt. D. . A ; Da. W. W. ( 2005 ) . 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Japans Past is Still the Ghost of the Present

Japans Past is Still the Ghost of the Present Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Haunting Past, Haunting Future-Why Japan’s ghost-like Past is still the Ghost of the Present† Japan committed numerous atrocities and crimes during WWII. Such crimes have occurred during Japan’s period of imperialism. Explicit examples of these include: mass killings, torture of POW’s, and looting. These examples have been accounted in events; indeed, the Nanking Massacre has been portrayed as the most notorious example. Ever since Japan’s surrender, compensation and official apologies have been made; however, during the past few years, Japan’s government seemed like they were trying to cover up their crimes. Additionally, the Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines 14 class-A war criminals, has been regarded as a national monument; Prime ministers Koizumi and Abe have made controversial visits that have angered foreign neighbors. Despite the fact that there seems to be evidence of increasing amiability, the outlook for future relations is unpredictable as it seems. However, there is a chance that one can look forward to a better relationship between foreign nations- Japan and its neighbors. Japan has committed warcrimes for which they have tried to apologise for, but their denials are reflective of curr ent events, as well the outlook for future relationships. The severity of Japanese war crimes reached a pinnacle during the late 1930’s. As mentioned earlier, there was a mass execution of solders and innocent civilians, including women and young children. The death toll amounted to around 6 million murders. Such examples include the Manila Massacre (Philippines) and the Sook Ching Massacre (Singapore). The estimated death toll between these two countries is around 150,000. In China alone, 3.9 million lives were lost as a result of Japanese invasions. However, the controversial focus involves the Nanking Massacre from 1937-1938. Even the death toll cited has yielded radically different estimations; the number ranged from 8,000-430,000. Within the atrocities, Japanese soldiers have also conducted cruel scientific experiments on China’s POWs. â€Å"Victims were subjected to vivisection without anesthesia, amputations, and were used to test biological weapons, among other experiments†¦in some victims, animal blood was injected into their bodies†. As a result, there were 200,000 innocent lives lost due to bubonic plague, cholera, etc. Acts of cannibalism were later carried out in the 1940’s, while evidences of use of comfort women were prevalent, although the cannibalism reports and prostitution can only be proved through accounts from eyewitnesses. Ever since Japan’s surrender to the war, trials of war criminals followed. Some of the war criminals were convicted with death/life sentences, while some were not even given a trial. After the war trials, official apologies have been made; however, â€Å"they official apologies were widely viewed as inadequate by many of the survivors of s uch crimes and/or the families of dead victims†¦many people aggrieved†¦that no apologies has been issued for particular acts of and†¦the Japanese government has merely expressed ‘regret’ or remorse.† Basically, China and Korea want Japan to fully recognize the magnitude of the crimes Japan has caused. Japan has since made compensations to the POWs, but many have stated that Japan has never had the responsibility to compensate each of the victims. During the last 10 years till the present, Japan is still in constant debate between its neighbors. Visiting the Yasukuni shrine has become more prevalent and frequent during Junchiro Koizumi‘s term as Japan’s Prime Minister. The visits have been deemed as controversial because Japan’s leader has been visiting the enshrined souls of those who have been responsible of most of the atrocities. But Japanese people claim that he does not frequent it enough to pay respects. It has been known that Japan’s foreign nations are not quite thrilled with the shrine’s symbolism of Japan’s past military aggression. Japan’s indignant refusal to â€Å"face all of the facts† has been prevalent recently. In 2001, Japan’s neighbors were not content with the fact that Japan had not made an official apology, recounting and confessing all the atrocities that they have committed. Furthermore, textbooks and historic material taught in Japanese sch ools have changed Japan’s purported role as an aggressor during WII. Events, including the Nanking Massacre (or â€Å"incident†, as the Japanese prefer to call it), comfort women, and various other war crimes, have been ignored. Until now, this has yet to be changed. Koizumi’s successor, Shinzo Abe, renounced the issue that women had been forced into sexual slavery. He claimed that there was no tangible evidence that would prove such events had happened during WWII. He is currently trying to alleviate tensions between Japan’s neighbours. It is true that he is a committed visitor, but it does not seem to have a profound effect on China (like it had been years ago). For example, Chinese Prime minister Wen Jiabo has visited Japan to formalize a new cabinet level dialogue on economic co-operation, suggesting more economic opportunities for Japan. On 10th May 07, Beijing avoided direct criticism of Abe when he made his offering to the Shrine. Their purpose was to adopt a more forward looking approach with relations with Japan. A da y later, Japan has responded, citing that they would want to keep improving relations as well, sharing a goal in building common interests. Japan’s indignant refusal to embrace their faults regarding the war crimes has generated debates and controversy, but apparently this issue is starting to change, with Japan/China relations improving. Ergo, the relationship will improve, but because Japan still avoids and denies some of the atrocities, it is evident that Japan’s ghost like past foreshadows the present, as well as the future. Research Papers on Japan’s Past is Still the Ghost of the PresentCapital PunishmentDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

The French and Indian War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The French and Indian War - Essay Example At this point in the history of the world, nobody had ever seen a war with the credentials held by the French and Indian War. As the first "global war unfolded, the number of troops grew to record breaking proportions. World War I as we know it might be more properly referred to as World War II. This seven year affair involved two world powers along with a nation-to-be full of pioneers in addition to an entire race of American Natives. The rivalry for American soil between the British and the French was long running and is probably the fundamental grounding for the cause of the war. More generally, the dispute over the Ohio River Valley could sum up the spark that started the war between these groups. There are several occurrences throughout American history which helped define this country. This war was a tussle which eventually led to a successful endeavor by the British to achieve a central position in America and almost completely stripped the French of their claims in North America, the West Indies, and parts of India. The impact of this war greatly changed the American colonies in several meticulous areas. Britain and France, prior to the war, had always been rivals of one another and fought in century-long battles against each other. The French and Indian War erupted from conflicts over the control of the valuable fur trade, and the rich sugar production located in the West Indies. Throughout the war, both countries relied on military assistance from their colonists, and their Native American allies. The three major conflicts which triggered the French and Indian war were King William's War (1689 - 1697), Queen Anne's War (1702 - 1713) and King George's War (1744 - 1748). Following these series of wars, the last conflict between Britain and France for dominance over North America was known as the French and Indian War (1754 - 1763)1. It started as a struggle for control over the "middle ground" territory of the Ohio Valley. This "middle ground" between the French and English colonies in North America was subjugated by the Iroquois Confederacy. At that time, Britain was hailed to be a huge world power. A phrase heard all too often in that time states, "The sun never sets on the British empire." The French and Indian War would lead to a Proclamation that stirred much controversy in the colonies. This sparked a united period of disobedience, which would eventually guide the way to a revolution. The British was the main world power at this time. The French were forced to use "brain over brawn" tactics to survive the upcoming battle. For the most part, French pioneers in the new world were in good with the natives. They had trading posts set up for exchange of fur and goods. Many French even took on the surrounding native culture. Primarily, they did not settle in areas claimed by the Indians to avoid hostility. In fact, they did the opposite; for example, the Frenchmen often helped tribes work out disagreements. The general attitude of the British seemed to lean toward independence from the natives. In turn, the common inclination concerning the French appeared to be that amalgamating

Business Professionals' Perceptions of the Future of Business Tourism Dissertation

Business Professionals' Perceptions of the Future of Business Tourism in Abu Dhabi - Dissertation Example Following this conceptualization, nations have begun to enact policies and programs that have been termed as â€Å"green† for being environmentally-conscious and eco-system-centered (Pearce, Markandya and Barbier, 1989). Probably the best course of action undertaken by the nation-states is the implementation of economic policies highlighting the tourist appeal of their homeland (Department of Economics and Social Affairs – Commission on Sustainable Development, 1999). The apparent and contemporary importance given to tourism as an economic advantage has been accentuated to by the ratification of policies and legislative enactments promoting place-specific recognition and environmental conservation strategies (Brohman, 1996). Reid and Schwab (2006) stated that the concept of sustainable development is currently being upheld by countries around the word as a means to integrate current economic, social and political policies. The said report has been mainly deduced from th e ten-year collaborative study conducted by the University of Arkansas and Yarmouk University in Jordan which centered on the feasibility and viability of undertaking a tourism-centered economic revolution in Jordan. With this in mind, it then becomes likely to consider similar policies in nations belonging to the Middle East Asian region. What then could come from the enactment of policies capitalizing on the natural wonders of Middle East nations such as Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Yemen, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates? What could result from the change of economic concentration from oil drilling and exploration towards tourism? This research paper will serve as... This research is fundamentally about the presentation of proof evidencing the viability of business tourism in the city of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. To note, such evidence shall be, in large part, taken from the learned information provided for by business professionals deemed by the researcher as the most suitable and knowledgeable individuals on the field. Furthermore, this study will likewise provide a discussion on a variety of aspects related to the development of business tourism in Abu Dhabi. Additionally, this thesis will be covering the background principles and concepts in detail, review the relevant contents of the related literature, describe the methodology required for the research, collect the required data for findings, analyze the data with the help of manual and statistical tools, and build the conclusions and recommendation in separate chapters. The scope of study of this research ranges from the key aspects of the development of business tourism in Ab u Dhabi, its major drivers, its advantages and benefits for the economy, down to the social determinants constituted by public opinion and perspective of business professionals related to it. The research will provide an in-depth comparison of the trends appurtenant to the different countries that have undertaken to implement tourism-centered policies so as to present the idiosyncratic factors attributable to Abu Dhabi alone.

Criminal Law - Theft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Law - Theft - Case Study Example It takes into account the circumstances and consequences aimed at establishing the liability of the defendant in a criminal charge. It reasons beyond the mental elements to other facts surrounding the commission of the offence charged. CONDUCT CRIME: Where there are conduct crimes, the actus reus in itself is a prohibited conduct. Thus, in a case of dangerous driving, harmful consequences need not be established to prove the defendant's actus reus. [1] RESULT CRIMES: It must be shown that a prohibited result is caused by the conduct of the defendant. In a criminal damage for instance, the actus reus will be that another person's property has been destroyed and or damaged. [2] It is pertinent to state that the conduct of the accused person should be free willed or voluntary in order to incur liability. Acts may sometimes be involuntary. They may result from a wide variety of reasons such as: REFLEX ACTIONS: These are situations where people react to things spontaneously. It can be viewed as a form of automatism but with some dissimilarity. A classical example is illustrated in the case of HILL v. BAXTER [3] where a driver was stung by bees while on steering driving and he lost control of the car. AUTOMATISM: This occurs where the defendant performs an act but is unaware of what he or she doing. It is also the case where due to some external factors; such defendant is not in control of his or her actions. R v. QUICK [4] CAUSATION: At instances where the ascertainment of actus reus requires that certain consequences occur, the prosecution must prove that the defendants conduct actually resulted in the occurrence of those consequences.Thus in a charge of murder, the prosecution must prove that the victim died .[5] It must be established that the victim suffered grievous bodily harm or in a criminal damage, that the property was destroyed or damaged. TWO TYPES OF CAUSATION: 1 Causation of facts which makes use of the "But For" test .R v. WHITE [6] 2 Causation in law for which the defendant's act must be( for example in homicide cases), the "operating and substantial cause of death" R v. SMITH [7] 3 [1958] 1 All ER 193 4. [1973] 3 All ER 347 5 S.18 Offences against the Person Act, 1861 6 [1910] 2 KB 124 7 [1959] 2 All ER 193 MENS REA Mens rea is used to establish criminal liability. The standard common law test is usually expressed with the maxim actus non facit reum mens sit rea, which means that an act will not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty. There must be an actus reus accompanied by mens rea to constitute the crime for which the defendant is charged. The exception here is strict liability crimes. Mens rea can be classified into three sub - heads namely; INTENTION - Here the defendant is shown to have foreseen the consequences of his action. RECKLESSNESS - Has been developed in the case of R v. CUNNINGHAM [1957] 2 AER 412. Where recklessness, was said to be requiring a subjective other than objective test. Malice in statutory definition of crime must be considered to require either: (i) The actual intention to inflict a particular harm that was done;